ABSTRACT Organic residue in the substrate and the availability of light influence the production of high-quality seedlings for ex situ cultivation of native forest species. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of doses of chicken manure incorporated in the soil and shading levels on the morphophysiological responses and quality of Alibertia edulis (Rich.) A. Rich seedlings. Five doses of chicken manure (CM) were tested, 0.00, 2.08, 4.16, 6.24, and 8.32 g CM kg-1 soil, under two shade conditions, 0% (full sun) and 50% shading. At 215 days after transplanting, the maximum height obtained for A. edulis was 47.35 cm with 5.64 g CM kg-1 soil under 50% shade. Shaded seedlings had a higher number of leaves. The maximum leaf and root areas were 796.64 and 118.83 cm2 with 5.32 and 4.21 g CM kg-1 soil, respectively, both under 50% shade. Seedlings in 0% shade had lower physiological indices. Shading levels did not affect stomatal limitation, but CM contributed to physiological efficiency. Shoot biomass was higher under 50% shade with higher CM doses. The highest quality indexes occurred with 3.98 and 6.28 g kg-1 CM under 0 and 50% shade, respectively. A. edulis seedlings responded positively to the addition of CM to the soil and presented plasticity under contrasting light conditions. A. edulis seedlings produced under 50% shading with the addition of 6.24 g CM kg-1 soil presented high morphophysiological and seedling quality indicators. The addition of 4.32 g CM kg-1 soil contributed to high seedling quality under full sun conditions.

RESUMO O uso de resíduo orgânico no substrato e a disponibilidade de luz influenciam na obtenção de mudas de elevada qualidade para o cultivo ex situ de espécies florestais nativas. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito de doses de cama de frango incorporadas ao solo e níveis de sombreamento sobre as respostas morfofisiológicas e qualidade de mudas de Alibertia edulis (Rich.) A. Rich. Foram estudadas cinco doses de cama de frango (CF): 0,00; 2,08; 4,16; 6,24 e 8,32 g kg-1 sob duas condições de sombreamento: 0% (pleno sol) e 50% de sombreamento. Aos 215 dias após o transplantio, a máxima altura da A. edulis foi 47,35 cm com 5,64 g CF kg-1 solo sob 50% de sombreamento. Mudas sombreadas tiveram maior número de folhas. A máxima área foliar e radicular foi de 796,64 e 118,83 cm2 com 5,32 g e 4,21 g CF kg-1 solo, respectivamente, ambos sob 50% de sombra. Mudas sob 0% de sombra tiveram menores índices fisiológicos. Os níveis de sombreamento não afetaram a limitação estomática, mas a CF contribuiu na eficiência fisiológica. As biomassas da parte aérea foram maiores sob 50% de sombra com maiores doses de CF. Os maiores índices de qualidade ocorreram com 3,98 e 6,28 g CF kg-1 solo sob 0 e 50% de sombra, respectivamente. Mudas de A. edulis responderam positivamente à adição de CF ao solo e apresentaram plasticidade às condições contrastantes de luz. Mudas de A. edulis produzidas em 50% de sombra com adição de 6,24 g CF kg-1 solo apresentaram maiores indicadores morfofisiológicos e qualidade de mudas. A adição de 4,32 g CF kg-1 solo contribuiu na qualidade de mudas sob pleno sol.

RESUMO O manejo fisiológico e nutricional é uma prática importante para obtenção de mudas de alta qualidade e o uso de extrato de algas tem se tornado uma alternativa aos fertilizantes e bioestimulantes, mas informações para Alibertia edulis, uma espécie frutífera e nativa do Cerrado, são escassas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de doses do extrato de alga Ascophyllum nodosum L. (ANE), associadas ou não ao nitrogênio mineral no crescimento, índices de eficiência do nutriente nitrogênio e na qualidade de mudas de A. edulis. As mudas receberam aplicação de cinco doses de ANE (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 mL L-1 de água) via foliar, sem e com adição de N mineral (50 mg kg-1 de ureia ao solo). O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, e os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 5 × 2. Os dados de altura, diâmetro do coleto, número de folhas e o índice de clorofila ao longo do tempo foram analisados em parcelas subdivididas no tempo. A aplicação foliar do extrato de A. nodosum nas doses de 15 e 20 mL L-1, contribuiu para maiores características de crescimento e qualidade de mudas, independente do uso de nitrogênio mineral. Mudas com N mineral e com 13,98 mL L-1 de ANE tiveram maior área foliar. A maior eficiência e absorção de N e uso de nutrientes ocorreu nas mudas que receberam o extrato de alga A. nodosum.

ABSTRACT Physiological and nutritional management is an important practice for obtaining high quality seedlings. The use of seaweed extract has emerged as an alternative to fertilizers and biostimulants, although information on this with respect to Alibertia edulis, a fruit-bearing species native to the Cerrado region, is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the Ascophyllum nodosum L. seaweed extract (ANE), both with and without the addition of mineral nitrogen, on the growth, nitrogen nutrient efficiency indices, and quality of A. edulis seedlings. The seedlings received five doses of ANE (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mL L-1 of water) via foliar application, with and without the addition of mineral N to the soil (50 mg kg-1 of urea). A randomized block design was used with the treatments arranged in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme. The plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll index, and number of leaves obtained were analyzed in split-plots over time. Foliar application of 15 and 20 mL L-1 of ANE contributed to greater growth and seedling quality, regardless of the addition of mineral nitrogen. Seedlings treated with mineral N alongside 13.98 mL L-1 of ANE showed the greatest leaf area. The highest N use efficiency, N uptake, and nutrient use occurred in seedlings that received A. nodosum extract.

RESUMO O déficit hídrico afeta negativamente a síntese de pigmentos fotossintéticos, os processos fotoquímicos da fotossíntese e a qualidade das mudas. Supõe-se que a aplicação exógena foliar de ácido salicílico (AS) pode contribuir na regulação fotoquímica e aumenta a tolerância ao estresse. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do AS em aliviar o efeito estressante do déficit hídrico sobre as atividades fotoquímicas da fotossíntese e qualidade das mudas de Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi. As mudas foram submetidas a quatro regimes hídricos: 0, 4, 8 e 12 dias de restrição hídrica (DRH), associadas a quatro concentrações de AS: 0, 50, 100 e 200 mg L-1 (via pulverização foliar; 10 mL por planta) durante 48 dias. O crescimento de S. terebinthifolia é afetado negativamente por maiores dias de restrição hídrica e sem tratamento de AS. Entretanto, a aplicação de 200 mg L-1 de SA incrementou os pigmentos fotossintéticos, além da eficiência quântica fotoquímica no fotossistema II e de conversão de energia absorvida nas mudas sob 12 DRH. A qualidade das mudas foi maior aos 7 e 12 DRH com aplicação de 100 e 200 mg L-1 de SA, respectivamente. A aplicação exógena de AS contribuiu positivamente nas concentrações de pigmentos, estabilidade fotoquímica da fotossíntese e qualidade das mudas de S. terebinthifolia submetidas à maiores períodos de restrição hídrica.

ABSTRACT Water deficit adversely affects photosynthetic pigment synthesis, photochemical processes, and seedling quality. Exogenous foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) is hypothesized to contribute to photochemical regulation and increase stress tolerance. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of SA in alleviating the effects of water deficit stress on the photosynthetic photochemical activities and quality of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi. seedlings. The seedlings were subjected to four regimes of water deficit: 0, 4, 8, and 12 days of water restriction (DWR), associated with the application of four concentrations of SA: 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg L-1 (via foliar spray; 10 mL per plant) during 48 days. Growth of S. terebinthifolia seedlings was adversely affected by longer duration of water restriction in absence of SA treatment. However, application of 200 mg L-1 of SA increased photosynthetic pigment levels, photochemical quantum efficiency in photosystem II, and absorbed energy conversion efficiency in seedlings under 12 DWR. The seedling quality was better at 7 and 12 DWR when associated with application of 100 and 200 mg L-1 SA, respectively. The exogenous application of SA contributed positively to pigment concentration and photochemical stability of photosynthesis, and it improved the quality of S. terebinthifolia seedlings subjected to long water restriction periods.

ABSTRACT Water availability is one of the most important factors for the growth of tree seedlings in forestry-related regions. We hypothesized that under different water regimes, a water-retaining polymer (hydrogel) can positively contribute to chlorophyll- a fluorescence and growth in Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg. Four water retention capacities (WRC) were evaluated: 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, depending on the presence or absence of hydrogel at the substrate. The lowest WRCs, particularly those under 25% without hydrogel, reduced chlorophyll index and negatively affected the photochemical activities of photosystem II. However, under low water availability the hydrogel mitigated the damage inflicted on the reaction centers and chlorophyll synthesis. The greatest growth effects occurred at 100% WRC in the presence of the hydrogel. Physiological indices were higher under 100% WRC without hydrogel and 50% with hydrogel. The increase in biomass and Dickson quality were more pronounced in the seedlings produced under 50% WRC and hydrogel, and the addition of these parameters to the substrate contributed to more viable morphophysiological indicators for the production of C. xanthocarpa seedlings.

ABSTRACT The use of water-retaining polymer (hydrogel) can mitigate the damage to the photosynthetic apparatus and increase the robustness of young plants under water deficit conditions. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of water-retaining polymer on the morphophysiological aspects of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi submitted to water deficit. The studied water regimes were characterized by three plant irrigation management: 1) control: irrigated daily, 2) stress: water deficit (irrigation suspension) and 3) stress + hydrogel: water deficit + water-retaining polymer. The plants were submitted to irrigation suspension until photosynthesis approached zero [1st P0], followed by resumption of irrigation (REI) for 15 days. After REI, until recovery of photosynthetic rate of plants, the maintenance of irrigation of all plants for 90 days, characterizing the final recovery (125th day of experiment). The photosynthetic rate reached values close to zero in plants under stress on the 20th day of water restriction, whereas the plants in conditions with hydrogel did not show a decrease in leaf metabolism. Excluding intercellular CO2 concentration, physiological parameters were lower on 1st P0 in plants under water deficit grown without hydrogel than those in plants grown with hydrogel, but all plants showed physiological plasticity. The use hydrogel contributed to the maintenance of the photosynthetic capacity of S. terebinthifolia under water deficit.

ABSTRACT Information on the physiological responses of native plants from the Brazilian Cerrado regarding the use of chicken manure and luminosities are important for their silvicultural management. Thus, aimed to evaluate the effect of chicken manure and luminous availability on the photosynthetic metabolism of Alibertia edulis (Rich) A. Rich. The experiment was carried out in pots, testing five doses of chicken manure – CM (0.00, 2.08, 4.16, 6.24 and 8.32 g kg-1) incorporated at Dystroferric Red Latosol, and two luminous environmental (full sun and 50% shaded). The higher CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and carboxylation efficiency of Rubisco occurred in seedlings grown in full sun. The seedlings showed higher photochemical indicators in photosystem II in the shaded and with addition of 8.32 g kg-1 of CM. The intercellular CO2 concentration in leaves was lower with addition of 5.55 g kg-1 of CM. The leaves presented larger stomatal dimensions under shaded. The cultivation of A. edulis in full sun and the addition of about 4.16 g kg-1 of CM favored greater stomatal regulation and CO2 assimilation.

O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a produtividade agroeconômica do mangarito 'Comum', cultivado sob três e quatro fileiras de plantas em canteiro, sem amontoa, com uma amontoa [aos 28 dias após as brotações (DAB)] ou com duas amontoas (aos 28 e 56 DAB). O delineamento experimental usado foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 2 x 3. Para o plantio foram utilizados rizomas-filhos, selecionados com massa média de 2,97 g. A colheita foi realizada aos 236 dias após o plantio. As produtividades de massa fresca de folhas e as de massas frescas e secas de rizomas-filho não-comerciais (RFNC) apresentaram diferenças significativas na interação número de fileiras de plantas no canteiro e amontoas. Para massa fresca de folhas, o maior valor foi obtido no tratamento onde as plantas foram cultivadas sob três fileiras e duas amontoas, superando em 1,67 t ha-1 (+106,37%) as do tratamento três fileiras e sem amontoa, que tiveram a menor produtividade. As plantas cultivadas sob quatro fileiras apresentaram produtividades de massa fresca (média de 3,62 t ha-1) e massa seca (1,0 t ha-1) de RFNC semelhantes àquelas sob três fileiras (3,74 t ha-1 e 0,97 t ha-1, respectivamente), apesar do estande ter sido 25% maior. As maiores produtividades de massa fresca de rizomas-mãe foram obtidas nos tratamentos sem amontoa e com duas amontoas, que superaram em 15,06 e 10,84% aquele com uma amontoa. As maiores produtividades de rizomas-filho comercializáveis foram dos tratamentos com duas e com uma amontoa, que superaram em 70,54 e 61,00%, respectivamente, aquele sem amontoa. A melhor forma de cultivar o mangarito foi em canteiros com quatro fileiras de plantas e com duas amontoas durante o ciclo produtivo da cultura.

The aim of this study was to evaluate agro-economic yield of 'Comum' tannia, grown under three and four rows of plants in seedbed, without hilling, with one hilling [at 28 days after sprouting (DAB)] or with two hilling (at 28 and 56 DAB). The experimental design was randomized blocks with five replications, the treatments being arranged as a 2 x 3 factorial scheme. Cormels with an average weight of 2.97 g were planted. Harvest was done at 236 days after planting. Yield of fresh weight of leaves and fresh and dried weight of non-commercial cormels (RFNC) showed significant differences in the interaction between number of rows per plot and hilling. For fresh weight of leaves, the highest value was obtained in the treatment where plants were cultivated under three rows and two hillings, which was superior in 1.67 t ha-1 (+ 106.37%) than the treatment with three rows and without hilling, which had the lowest yield. Plants that were cultivated under four rows showed yield of fresh weight (average of 3.62 t ha-1) and dried weight (1.0 t ha-1) of RFNC similar to those under three rows (3.74 t ha-1 and 0.97 t ha-1, respectively), although the stand was 25% higher. The highest yields of fresh weight of corms were obtained from treatments without hilling and with two hillings, which were superior in 15.06 and 10.84% than those with one hilling. The highest yields of commercial cormels were from treatments with two and one hilling, which were superior in 70.54 and 61.00%, respectively, than those without hilling. Under conditions in which the research was carried out and considering the higher net income calculated, the best way to cultivate tannia is in seedbeds with four rows of plants and two hillings during the production cycle of the crop.

Foi avaliada a influência da luminosidade e de substratos alternativos ao xaxim, no desenvolvimento e floração de plantas de Dendrobium phalaenopsis var. schroederianum x Dendrobium bigibbum var. compactum. O experimento foi conduzido na UFGD-FCA, de outubro de 2007 a agosto de 2008. Foram utilizadas plantas com quatro anos oriundas de cultivo in vitro, aclimatizadas em viveiro com intensidade luminosa de 12.800, 8.300, 6.200, 5.300 e 4.500 lux, e plantadas em vasos plásticos contendo como substrato carvão, fibra de coco ou uma mistura de carvão + fibra de coco. Durante o período experimental foram avaliados a redução de massa fresca (%), o diâmetro de pseudobulbos (%), brotações (%), início da floração, plantas com flores (%), comprimento da haste floral, botões florais (nO), diâmetro das flores e duração do florescimento. As menores reduções da massa fresca e do diâmetro foram observados sob 12.800 lux. Para brotações os maiores valores foram observados em substrato carvão sob 12.800 lux, ou em substrato fibra de coco e carvão + fibra de coco sob 4.500 lux. Nas condições em que o trabalho foi conduzido recomenda-se que esta orquídea seja cultivada em carvão sob 12.800 lux, uma vez que o maior percentual de plantas com flores, número de botões por planta, diâmetro das flores e comprimento da haste floral produzidos foram observados nestas condições.

The influence of light and alternative substrates to fern tree fiber was evaluated on the development and flowering of Dendrobium phalaenopsis var. schroederianum x Dendrobium bigibbum var. compactum plants. The experiment was carried out from October 2007 to August 2008. Four-year old plants from in vitro cultivation, and acclimatized in nursery with light intensities of 12,800, 8,300, 6,200, 5,300 and 4,500 lux, were used. Plants were planted in plastic vases filled with charcoal, coconut fiber or a mix of charcoal + coconut fiber as substrate. During the experimental period, the reduction of fresh mass (%) and diameter of pseudobulbs, sprouting (%), beginning of flowering, plants with flowers (%), length of the flower stem, flower buds (nº), diameter of flowers and time of flowering were evaluated. The smallest reduction of fresh mass and of diameter were observed under 12,800 lux. For sprouting, the highest values were observed with charcoal substrate under 12,800 lux, or with coconut fiber substrate and charcoal + coconut fiber substrate under 4,500 lux. This orchid should be cultivated with charcoal under 12,800 lux, since the highest percentage of plants with flowers, number of buds per plant, diameter of flowers and length of the flower stem were produced under those conditions.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar o levantamento dos fitoterápicos manipulados em duas farmácias magistrais de Dourados, enfatizando a constituição das fórmulas (matéria-prima e forma farmacêutica), a possível indicação terapêutica, a origem das drogas vegetais utilizadas na manipulação dos fitocomplexos e a confirmação da existência ou não de artigos científicos que comprovem a utilização das cinco matérias-primas mais manipuladas nas farmácias. Para isso, foram analisados os cadastros ou fichas de pesagem, após a autorização das farmacêuticas responsáveis, do período correspondente a 21 de dezembro de 2006 a 21 de março de 2007. Concluiu-se que: 1. As matérias-primas mais utilizadas, nas duas farmácias, foram Ginkgo biloba e Hypericum perforatum, coincidentemente, com as maiores demandas e as mesmas concentrações. 2. A credibilidade nos fitoterápicos, por parte da população e dos médicos prescritores, pode ser considerada como baixa, uma vez que apenas 4,1% das fórmulas manipuladas nas duas farmácias magistrais em estudo corresponderam aos fitoterápicos. 3. Em relação às formas farmacêuticas, houve prevalência de cápsulas gelatinosas, provavelmente, porque a indicação terapêutica das fórmulas tenha sido para uso interno. 4. Dentre as cinco plantas medicinais mais manipuladas, apenas Hoodia gordonii não apresentou comprovação científica e 5. As plantas medicinais mais utilizadas na manipulação dos fitocomplexos estiveram relacionadas com a perda de peso.

The aim of this work was to carry out the survey of the phytotherapics manipulated in two magistral drugstores from Dourados, emphasizing the constitution of formulas (raw materials and pharmaceutical form), the possible therapeutic indication, the origin of the vegetal drugs utilized in manipulation of phytocomplexes and the confirmation of the existence or not of scientific articles demonstrating the use of the five most manipulated raw materials in drugstores. Thus, the registration or files weighing were analyzed, with the approval of responsible pharmacists, from the period of 21st December 2006 to 21st March 2007. It was concluded that: 1. Raw materials most utilized in both drugstores were Ginkgo biloba and Hypericum perforatum, coincidentally both showed the highest demands and the same concentrations. 2. The credibility of the phytotherapics, by the public and prescribers, can be considered low, since just 4.1% of the manipulated formulas from both magistral drugstores studied corresponded to the phytotherapics. 3. In relation to the pharmaceutical formulas, there was a prevalence of gelatin capsules, probably because the therapeutic indication of formulas had been designed for internal use. 4. Among the five most manipulated medicinal plants, only Hoodia gordonii did not show scientific proof and 5. The medicinal plants most utilized in the manipulation of phytocomplexes were related to weight loss.